CH 4 Review Sheet on VOLCANOES

Review Guide – Exam 1

Environmental Geology Overview

Earth Cycles (Minerals, Rocks, Tectonics)

Earthquakes

You should familiar with the following key concepts and words:

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY OVERVIEW

Can you match Ch. 1 keywords (your homework X-word puzzle) with their meaning, either in a provided sketch or meaning?
What is the meaning behind our class title: Environmental Geology? For example, what major aspects define “environmental” and “geology”? You know the ‘spheres’ for geology. How do each of those interact with us, our environment? Recall aspects of our Environment can be economy, sociology, resources, and the like.
And why study the environment of our Earth?
From the article by Troy L. Péwé on “Environmental Geology of Arizona”, what are the main hazards in Arizona and which ones are more costly than others? Reading this and getting the general idea is what’s important.
Provided an example of an earth material, can you relate it to each of the 5 “spheres” of Earth? For example, a tree; how does it relate to the geosphere, atmosphere, etc.

EARTH CYCLES

How are atoms, minerals, rocks, and Earth related to each other, categorically?
What is the makeup of atoms and elements?
What elements are distributed in the crust (geosphere), the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere, in general?
What are the ‘Big 8’ elements that characterize the crust’s composition?
What are the two most abundant elements in the crust?
What is a mineral and what is the most abundant mineral group on Earth?
What is the Earth’s Rock Cycle and how do ALL the parts interact with each other? Know this inside and out.
What is the makeup of Earth’s interior?
What is Earth’s internal heat source and how is it distributed?
How do igneous rocks form? And what two aspects help us define their origin and makeup?
How does the cooling rate of magma/lava affect texture?
How do granite and rhyolite relate to each other, differ?
What is the difference between weathering and erosion?
What are the 3 main depositional environments for sediments on the surface of the earth when being deposited?
How are sedimentary rocks formed from sediments?
What are the two ways sedimentary rocks are classified?
What causes a rock to metamorphose?

PLATE TECTONICS

How is material inside the Earth thought to move? Do you know what convection is? And how does this relate to Plate Tectonics?

What are the two types of tectonic plates, and their average composition (rock name)?
Can you identify the 7 major plate names on a map provided?
Could you locate a divergent, convergent, and transform boundary and determine the specific hazards that are associated with each one?
What does M.O.R.B stand for?
Why will California not slide off into the ocean? Dispel this myth.
What are the forces that act at each plate boundary?
What amount and magnitude of earthquakes are associated with each plate boundary?

EARTHQUAKES

Including Review questions from book: 1,2,4,6,7,8,10, 12,13,15(1),16,17,18,20,24,25

What plate tectonic environments do earthquakes occur in? Where on and in Earth?
Can we see the dimensions of a subducting plate? How?
What are the 3 fault types? The stresses associated with them (compression, tension, and shearing)?
What device measures seismic waves and how many are needed to locate the epicenter or focus of an EQ?
If I were to put a seismograph on the exam, can you identify and determine the exact time (down to the minute) that the P, S, and L waves arrived?
Can you explain how P and S-waves move in a solid material?
Why do S-waves travel only in solids?
Which seismic waves are most dangerous on the surface, and why?
How does our understanding of seismic waves help us understand the interior of the earth? And what are the main parts of Earth’s Interior?
When measuring the magnitude of EQs, what are the two types of scales? How is each one used?
How much energy is released for each increase in magnitude?
What is the ultimate purpose of studying EQs?
Why is a M10 not likely to occur?
What are the main effects of seismic waves that reach the surface?
Why are seismic waves more dangerous in soft, nonlithified sediments, compared to bedrock?
How do tsunamis work? What makes tsunamis deceiving?
Why are tsunamis more dangerous than other EQ effects?
Can EQ be predicted? (short and long answers)
What are the EQ hazards in Arizona? And where?!

Exam format: the exam will have multiple choice questions, matching, true/false, short essays, and one long essay.

Studying Tools:

Tips for Taking the Exam:

Get enough sleep before exam
Do only the easy questions first; skip all the ones you don’t know; build your confidence this way
Matching and True/False are generally easier than other questions.
Use material from the exam to help you with essay questions